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Size is not a defect on its own — some problems genuinely live in one place — but these are where merge conflicts, review fatigue and single-owner knowledge concentrate, and they are the first thing that slows an inheriting engineer down.","context_why":"A note that does not affect this rating: measured against its own codebase's median, it is below the 85th percentile of 382 surveyed projects' largest files, where this check begins to count."}],"signals_run":11,"conclusive_signals":10,"what_a_person_adds":[{"id":"01.38","kind":"H+","where":"The team","measured":"No architecture or design document is in the tree, across 1,208 product files.","question":"Where does the design live, and who holds it?"},{"id":"01.39","kind":"H","where":"Your architects, with the product roadmap","question":"Is the architecture right for the next three years of the product?"},{"id":"01.40","kind":"H","where":"The team's reasoning at the time","question":"Were the home-grown components reasonable choices when they were made, and are they now?"}]},{"id":"02","band":"strong","name":"Engineering Process & SDLC Maturity","coverage":"high","findings":[],"signals_run":16,"conclusive_signals":15,"what_a_person_adds":[{"id":"02.32","kind":"H","where":"The code host's pull request data","question":"Is review real or a rubber stamp? 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Commit times cannot say: git keeps no reliable local time."},{"id":"03.32","kind":"H","where":"Interviews","question":"Does the team want to stay after close?"},{"id":"03.33","kind":"H","where":"Time with the team","question":"How are decisions made and disagreements resolved?"}]},{"id":"04","band":"strong","name":"Product & Engineering Maturity","coverage":"minimal","findings":[{"id":"04.17","band":"adequate","layer":"deterministic","title":"Go 1.23 is past end of life","signal":"eol_runtime","weight":"corroborating","context":true,"evidence":[{"ref":"addons/fuse-proxy/Dockerfile","kind":"path","path":"addons/fuse-proxy/Dockerfile","detail":"Go 1.23, end of life 2025-08-12"}],"observed":{"pinned":["go 1.23","python 3.13"],"eol_as_of":"2026-09-24"},"dimension":"04","rationale":"The code is pinned to Go 1.23 (end of life 2025-08-12). None of these receives security fixes any more; the first stopped on 2025-08-12. Moving off an unsupported runtime is rarely a one-line change, so a buyer should ask whether the upgrade is planned and what it touches.","context_why":"A note that does not affect this rating: in Borehole's calibration, this check's notes were usually true but overstated."},{"id":"04.62","band":"adequate","layer":"deterministic","title":"Releases are cut from another branch than the one surveyed","signal":"release_branch","weight":"corroborating","context":true,"evidence":[{"ref":"7e595970a","kind":"commit","detail":"tag v0.14.1"}],"observed":{"elsewhere":58,"on_branch":2,"tags_in_window":60,"direction_known":true,"later_on_branch":0},"dimension":"04","rationale":"The newest release, v0.14.1, is not on the branch this survey read; the newest pre-release on it is v0.5.0-rc1. The shipped product may differ from what this report describes. Survey the release branch too.","context_why":"A note that does not affect this rating: notes like it are common in well-run projects."}],"signals_run":19,"conclusive_signals":17,"what_a_person_adds":[{"id":"04.34","kind":"H+","where":"The ML team and its run history","measured":"Experiment tracking is configured (wandb).","question":"Can the model that ships be tied to the run, data and code that produced it?"},{"id":"04.35","kind":"H+","where":"The ML team","measured":"No model card is in the tree.","question":"What is the model's intended use, what was it trained on, and where does it fail?"},{"id":"04.32","kind":"H","where":"The data room and the team's record of estimates","question":"Can this team deliver the stated roadmap on the stated timeline?"},{"id":"04.31","kind":"H","where":"Budget and roadmap decisions","question":"Does leadership know about the debt, and is time budgeted to repay it?"},{"id":"04.33","kind":"H","where":"Revenue, customer and churn data","question":"Is the engineering shape consistent with the commercial story?"}]},{"id":"05","band":"adequate","name":"Security & Reliability Posture","coverage":"partial","findings":[{"id":"05.6","band":"adequate","layer":"deterministic","title":"2 Dockerfiles run the application as root","signal":"container_runs_as_root","weight":"corroborating","evidence":[{"ref":"no-USER-instruction","kind":"path","path":"Dockerfile","detail":"runs as root"},{"ref":"no-USER-instruction","kind":"path","path":"addons/fuse-proxy/Dockerfile","detail":"runs as root"}],"observed":{"rootful":2,"dockerfiles":2},"dimension":"05","rationale":"No USER instruction switches away from root, so the process runs with full privileges inside the container. It is a one-line fix and an ordinary expectation, which is why its absence is worth asking about: it usually says more about whether anyone has reviewed the deployment than about this container specifically."},{"id":"05.27","band":"adequate","layer":"deterministic","title":"The build runs third-party code it does not pin","signal":"supply_chain_pinning","weight":"corroborating","context":true,"evidence":[{"ref":".github/workflows/buildkite-trigger-wait.yml","kind":"path","path":".github/workflows/buildkite-trigger-wait.yml","detail":"action pinned by tag","line_end":77,"line_start":77},{"ref":".github/workflows/format.yml","kind":"path","path":".github/workflows/format.yml","detail":"action pinned by tag","line_end":25,"line_start":25},{"ref":"Dockerfile","kind":"path","path":"Dockerfile","detail":"download piped into a shell","line_end":41,"line_start":41}],"observed":{"action_refs":78,"pipe_to_shell":2,"unpinned_third_party":3},"dimension":"05","rationale":"3 third-party CI actions are referenced by a tag or branch rather than a commit, so they run whatever that tag points to on the day; 2 steps pipe a download straight into a shell. Tags have been moved to malicious commits in real supply-chain attacks, and a piped script is whatever the server returns that minute. Pinning to a commit is the fix, and it is small.","context_why":"A note that does not affect this rating: notes like it are common in well-run projects."},{"id":"05.13","band":"adequate","layer":"deterministic","title":"44 outbound calls can wait forever","signal":"outbound_timeouts","weight":"corroborating","context":true,"evidence":[{"ref":"sky/adaptors/verda.py","kind":"path","path":"sky/adaptors/verda.py","detail":"outbound call without a timeout","line_end":347,"line_start":347},{"ref":"sky/adaptors/verda.py","kind":"path","path":"sky/adaptors/verda.py","detail":"outbound call without a timeout","line_end":384,"line_start":384},{"ref":"sky/adaptors/verda.py","kind":"path","path":"sky/adaptors/verda.py","detail":"outbound call without a timeout","line_end":418,"line_start":418}],"observed":{"calls_without_timeout":44},"dimension":"05","rationale":"44 HTTP calls use a client with no timeout (Python `requests` without `timeout=`, or Go's default client). When a dependency slows down, each one holds a worker until the connection gives up, and enough of them take the service down with the dependency.","context_why":"A note that does not affect this rating: in Borehole's calibration, this check's notes were usually true but overstated."},{"id":"05.20","band":"adequate","layer":"deterministic","title":"19 SQL statements built from strings","signal":"sql_from_strings","weight":"corroborating","context":true,"evidence":[{"ref":"sky/server/requests/requests.py","kind":"path","path":"sky/server/requests/requests.py","detail":"SQL built from a string","line_end":886,"line_start":886},{"ref":"sky/server/requests/requests.py","kind":"path","path":"sky/server/requests/requests.py","detail":"SQL built from a string","line_end":1792,"line_start":1792},{"ref":"sky/skylet/job_lib.py","kind":"path","path":"sky/skylet/job_lib.py","detail":"SQL built from a string","line_end":293,"line_start":293}],"observed":{"files":5,"sites":19,"value_interpolated":4},"dimension":"05","rationale":"19 places in product code build SQL by formatting or joining strings rather than passing parameters. 4 of them put a value into the string; in the rest, what the code shows going in is a table or column name, a constant, or something the line does not show. Ask whether any value reaches these strings, rather than a parameter.","context_why":"A note that does not affect this rating: in Borehole's calibration, this check's notes were usually true but overstated."},{"id":"05.21","band":"adequate","layer":"deterministic","title":"59 shell commands built from strings","signal":"shell_from_strings","weight":"corroborating","context":true,"evidence":[{"ref":"sky/authentication.py","kind":"path","path":"sky/authentication.py","detail":"command run through a shell","line_end":160,"line_start":160},{"ref":"sky/authentication.py","kind":"path","path":"sky/authentication.py","detail":"command run through a shell","line_end":200,"line_start":200},{"ref":"sky/authentication.py","kind":"path","path":"sky/authentication.py","detail":"command run through a shell","line_end":213,"line_start":213}],"observed":{"sites":59},"dimension":"05","rationale":"59 places run a command through a shell (`shell=True`, `os.system`, `exec` with a template) rather than passing arguments. Where any part comes from outside, it is command injection. Ask where each one's input comes from.","context_why":"A note that does not affect this rating: in Borehole's calibration, this check's notes were usually true but overstated."},{"id":"05.22","band":"adequate","layer":"deterministic","title":"25 deserialisers that can run code","signal":"unsafe_deserialization","weight":"corroborating","context":true,"evidence":[{"ref":"sky/global_user_state.py","kind":"path","path":"sky/global_user_state.py","detail":"code-executing deserialiser","line_end":2038,"line_start":2038},{"ref":"sky/global_user_state.py","kind":"path","path":"sky/global_user_state.py","detail":"code-executing deserialiser","line_end":2080,"line_start":2080},{"ref":"sky/global_user_state.py","kind":"path","path":"sky/global_user_state.py","detail":"code-executing deserialiser","line_end":2098,"line_start":2098}],"observed":{"sites":25},"dimension":"05","rationale":"25 places read data with a deserialiser that executes what it reads (pickle). That is safe on data the system wrote itself and remote code execution on anything else. Ask where each one's input comes from.","context_why":"A note that does not affect this rating: in Borehole's calibration, this check's notes were usually true but overstated."},{"id":"05.26","band":"adequate","layer":"deterministic","title":"23 locked dependencies have published vulnerabilities, 33 high or critical in what ships","signal":"known_vulnerabilities","weight":"corroborating","evidence":[{"ref":"sky/dashboard/package-lock.json","kind":"path","path":"sky/dashboard/package-lock.json","detail":"next 14.2.4: GHSA-2464-fhr4-w9xw (critical), fixed in 15.5.28"},{"ref":"sky/dashboard/package-lock.json","kind":"path","path":"sky/dashboard/package-lock.json","detail":"proxy-addr 2.0.7: GHSA-jqcg-44mw-7w3h (critical), fixed in 2.0.8"},{"ref":"sky/dashboard/package-lock.json","kind":"path","path":"sky/dashboard/package-lock.json","detail":"@remix-run/router 1.23.0: GHSA-2w69-qvjg-hvjx (high), fixed in 1.23.2"}],"observed":{"advisories":90,"dependencies":449,"high_or_critical":44,"pinned_to_a_commit":0,"ecosystems_not_read":[],"vulnerable_packages":23,"set_aside_not_imported":1,"high_or_critical_shipping":33,"high_or_critical_not_shipped":{"build":11}},"unproven":true,"dimension":"05","rationale":"23 of 449 locked dependencies match 90 published advisories in OSV, 44 of them rated high or critical. A lockfile says which version is installed, not whether the flawed code is reachable from this product, so each needs a look. Most are fixed by an upgrade, and the advisory names the version."},{"id":"05.45","band":"adequate","layer":"deterministic","title":"2 workload settings give a container the host","signal":"privileged_workloads","weight":"corroborating","evidence":[{"ref":"charts/skypilot/templates/api-deployment.yaml","kind":"path","path":"charts/skypilot/templates/api-deployment.yaml","detail":"privileged or host namespace","line_end":84,"line_start":84},{"ref":"sky/provision/kubernetes/manifests/fusermount-server-daemonset.yaml","kind":"path","path":"sky/provision/kubernetes/manifests/fusermount-server-daemonset.yaml","detail":"privileged or host namespace","line_end":28,"line_start":28}],"observed":{"sites":2,"behind_a_setting_or_built_here":0},"unproven":true,"dimension":"05","rationale":"2 places in the deployment configuration run a container privileged or in the host's network, process or IPC namespace. A compromise of that container is a compromise of the machine, and most acquirers' security reviews block it. Node agents (network, storage, monitoring) are excluded."},{"id":"05.48","band":"adequate","layer":"deterministic","title":"10 places insert HTML from a variable without sanitising it","signal":"unsafe_html","weight":"corroborating","context":true,"evidence":[{"ref":"llm/distributed-rl-eval/static/dashboard.html","kind":"path","path":"llm/distributed-rl-eval/static/dashboard.html","detail":"HTML from a variable","line_end":704,"line_start":704},{"ref":"llm/distributed-rl-eval/static/dashboard.html","kind":"path","path":"llm/distributed-rl-eval/static/dashboard.html","detail":"HTML from a variable","line_end":770,"line_start":770},{"ref":"llm/distributed-rl-eval/static/dashboard.html","kind":"path","path":"llm/distributed-rl-eval/static/dashboard.html","detail":"HTML from a variable","line_end":826,"line_start":826}],"observed":{"sites":10},"dimension":"05","rationale":"10 places set HTML from a value that is neither a literal nor passed through a sanitiser. Where the value can come from a user, that is stored cross-site scripting, and it is the first thing a buyer's security review looks for in a frontend.","context_why":"A note that does not affect this rating: in Borehole's calibration, this check's notes were usually true but overstated."},{"id":"05.65","band":"adequate","layer":"deterministic","title":"3 advisories against this project in the last 24 months, 2 high or critical","signal":"advisory_record","weight":"corroborating","context":true,"evidence":[{"ref":"GHSA-97rf-2jrp-2m59","kind":"advisory","detail":"2026-09-26: GHSA-97rf-2jrp-2m59 (critical), fixed in 0.14.0rc1: Path traversal in SkyPilot API server /download endpoint allows authenticated users to read arbitrary files"},{"ref":"CVE-2026-75481","kind":"advisory","detail":"2026-08-17: CVE-2026-75481 (high): SkyPilot fails to validate that authenticated users are entitled to grant administrator roles when updating service account permissions. Attackers can create a "},{"ref":"CVE-2026-13482","kind":"advisory","detail":"2026-06-28: CVE-2026-13482 (low): A vulnerability was detected in skypilot-org skypilot up to 0.12.0. Impacted is the function username.encode of the file sky/users/server.py of the component Us"}],"observed":{"newest":"2026-09-26","critical":1,"affecting":0,"could_not_tell":1,"last_24_months":3,"sources_failed":[],"known_exploited":0,"high_or_critical":2},"dimension":"05","rationale":"The newest was published on 2026-09-26. A project that publishes advisories is telling its users about its fixes, and the count and pace say how much security work it carries. Whether 1 of them are fixed in the code you ship could not be told from this history. Answer lives in: the release you run, set against each fixed version.","context_why":"A note that does not affect this rating: it describes the project's advisory record, and no advisory in it is known to affect the surveyed commit."}],"signals_run":34,"conclusive_signals":28,"what_a_person_adds":[{"id":"05.43","kind":"H+","where":"The security owner","measured":"No threat model is in the tree of what looks like a running service.","question":"Does one exist elsewhere, and who owns it?"},{"id":"05.36","kind":"H+","where":"The cloud console","measured":"Infrastructure code (charts/skypilot/Chart.yaml) last changed 14 months before the newest commit, while 2,700 commits landed.","question":"Is the infrastructure now changed by hand? 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Logs that are written to be read by a person are not searchable by a machine, which means incident response here is proportional to how well someone remembers the codebase rather than to what the tooling can find."},{"id":"06.9","band":"adequate","layer":"deterministic","title":"No error reporter is wired in","signal":"error_reporting","weight":"corroborating","context":true,"evidence":[{"ref":"error reporting","kind":"metric","detail":"no error reporter initialised"}],"observed":{"installed":[],"initialised":0,"config_files":0},"dimension":"06","rationale":"Nothing in the service initialises an error reporter (Sentry, Rollbar, Bugsnag, Honeybadger or an APM agent). 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